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040			_aMAIN
041			_aEng
110			_aPoppelreuter,Tanja _963440
245			_aSocial Individualism: _bWalter Gropius and his Appropriation of Franz Müller-Lyer's Idea of a New Man / _cTanja Poppelreuter
260			_aOxford: _bOxford University Press, _c2011.
300			_aVolume 24, Issue 1, March 2011, (37–58 p.)
520			_aIn 1929, Walter Gropius developed the ‘High-Rise Steel Frame Apartment Building’ that was based on theories about the emergence of a New Man put forward by sociologist Franz Müller-Lyer. In his lecture at the Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne conference in 1929, Gropius appropriated Müller-Lyer's sociology in order to promote and prompt the re-development of high-rise tenements and master households. Gropius’ 1931 contribution to the Deutsche Bauausstellung in Berlin incorporated a full-scale community lounge and a recreation area with sporting equipment, as well as a model and plans for a ‘High-Rise Steel Frame Apartment Building’ that were designed in accordance with Müller-Lyer's theories. While it shows Müller-Lyer's influence, the boxing equipment found in the recreation area reflects the importance that sport, and boxing in particular, had gained after 1900. Boxing was perceived as a sport that would not only further fitness but also raise the spirits and help the inhabitant to succeed in the modern urban environment. By providing boxing equipment, Müller-Lyer's vision, which envisaged master households as furthering a community of peaceful individuals living in a condition of mutual trust, is weakened. In 1923, the sociologist Helmuth Plessner had regarded utopian visions of ideal communities as antithesis to actual events in the Weimar Republic. The embracing of theories that promised an evolutionary and linear development towards peaceful communities can be regarded as a counterreaction to a present that was perceived as an imperfect and temporary condition. Furthermore, Gropius’ appropriation of Müller-Lyer's sociology not only helped to distinguish his position from Marxist and socialist theories but also illustrated the contemporary tendency to accept utopian ideas while simultaneously doubting the practicality of some.
650			_aModernism _y19th Century _zEurope _963441
773	0		_09229 _913522 _dOxford Oxford University Press _oJ000329 _tJournal of design history _x0952-4649
856			_u https://doi.org/10.1093/jdh/epq049
942			_cART
999			_c15352 _d15352