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008			201217b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aRandolph, Adah Ward _934705
245			_aDe Facto Desegregation in the Urban North: Voices of African American Teachers and Principals on Employment, Students, and Community in Columbus, Ohio, 1940 to 1980
260			_bSage, _c2019.
300			_aVol 54, Issue 10, 2019 (1403-1430 p.)
520			_aThis research explores the historical development of African American teacher and principal hiring and placement in Columbus, Ohio, from 1940 to 1980. In 1909, the Columbus Board of Education established Champion Avenue School creating a de facto segregated school to educate the majority of African American children and to employ Black educators. Over the next 50 years, Columbus created a de facto system of education where Black educators were hired and placed exclusively. This research illuminates how an unintended detriment such as de facto segregation actually developed Black leadership, and strengthened and empowered the community before and after Brown.
700			_aRobinson, Dwan V. _933488
773	0		_010959 _915474 _dSage, 2019. _tUrban education
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1177/0042085917697204
942			_2ddc _cART