TY  - SER
AU  - Frost, Lionel
TI  - Water Technology and the Urban Environment: Water, Sewerage, and Disease in San Francisco and Melbourne before 1920
PY  - 2020///
PB  - Sage
N2  - The challenges cities face in supplying safe water and disposing effectively of sewage and wastewater are affected by historical and environmental conditions and the long-lasting effects of choices of infrastructure. This article provides case studies of two similar cities, San Francisco and Melbourne, from the mid-nineteenth-century gold rushes to 1920, to show how differences in geography and governance structure can shape water technologies in a path-dependent way. While the two cities developed safe water supplies early in their histories, these were not well integrated with sewerage systems. The use of typhoid death rates, which provide a proxy for water quality and urban pollution, reveals the impact of defective water technology on the urban environment in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217692988
ER  -